The human placenta plays a pivotal role in pregnancy health. Recent advancements in the field of genomics have shed light on the intricate workings of the placenta through analysis of its transcriptome and epigenome, revealing critical insights into pregnancy health and placental development. This talk explores the groundbreaking research that is defining the role of the placental transcriptome and epigenome in pregnancy health.
The placenta, once considered a mere interface for nutrient and waste exchange between mother and fetus, is now recognized as a complex organ that orchestrates a multitude of functions essential for healthy pregnancy progression. Its transcriptome, comprising the complete set of RNA molecules expressed across various placental cells, dynamically regulates processes such as nutrient transport, immune response and hormone production. By deciphering the placental transcriptome, researchers have identified key genes and signalling pathways that contribute to healthy maternal and fetal progression across gestation. Notably, alterations in the transcriptome have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction.
The epigenome of the placenta has emerged as a crucial regulator of gene expression patterns during pregnancy. Epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, influence gene activity without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These epigenetic changes are influenced by various environmental factors, including maternal nutrition, stress, and exposure to toxins. Understanding the placental epigenome has uncovered potential mechanisms by which the maternal environment can impact fetal development and long-term health via the placenta. Epigenetic alterations in the placenta have been associated with an increased risk of developmental disorders, metabolic diseases, and cardiovascular disorders in offspring.
This talk will highlight cutting-edge research that utilizes high-throughput sequencing technologies to analyse the placental transcriptome and epigenome on a global scale. We will explore how the integration of multi-omics data has enabled the identification of novel biomarkers for predicting pregnancy complications and placental function and explore how spatial transcriptomics is changing our understanding of the feto-maternal interface.
In conclusion, the human placental transcriptome and epigenome hold the key to unravelling the mysteries of pregnancy health. Their intricate regulation and responses to various environmental cues determine the fate of both mother and child during this critical period of life. A comprehensive understanding of the placental genomics opens new avenues for developing personalized strategies to promote healthy pregnancies and ensure the well-being of future generations.